AH, THE RELATIONSHIPS! Alongside the mossiest patch of my lawn, a vigorous cutleaf staghorn sumac grows. I use that plant in several other spots in the garden—both the plain green Rhus typhina ‘Laciniata,’ and also the gold-leaf cultivar called ‘Tiger Eyes.’
But this particular sumac, the one beside the mossy lawn, always gets colorful, pod-like galls in high summer, as if it were festooned with tiny bright balloons, mostly greenish but some red and appropriately heart-shaped (above). My other sumac plants, not so much.
And I never knew why.
I knew it was an aphid—specifically the native sumac gall aphid, Melaphis rhois—who created the gall, typically found on staghorn sumac or smooth sumac (Rhus glabra). My friend Charley Eisemann had told me that on a walk several falls ago. It doesn’t do any damage, though some leaflets may color up or fall off a little early. The insect is just making a nursery on its host plant to rear its offspring, a relationship that’s been going on like this for at least 48 million years.
What I didn’t know Until Joe Boggs of Ohio State wrote about it recently was the critical moss connection—a case of what’s called an alternate host (not just sumac, in summer, but moss in the offseason). His blog post got me reading all manner of geeky sumac gall literature.
Apparently females lay an egg on the underside of a sumac leaf, which causes a gall to start forming—creating a nursery, complete with food, for its offspring. That single aphid resulting from the deposited egg then produces asexually within the gall—by parthenogenesis—so that many clones of itself eventually also fill the gall.
If all goes to plan, the gall splits in later summer, when the released winged females drop onto or fly off to the nearby moss–the alternate host–and establish the next asexually reproducing colonies. In spring, aphids from the moss recolonize the sumac, and the cycles repeats.
Well, except at my place sometimes things get interrupted when someone (chipmunks? birds?–not sure as I haven’t caught anyone in the act) breaks open the galls and systematically has at the contents, the way I might eat a piece of fruit and discard the skin. Lots of empty gnawed-open galls on the ground beneath that one sumac at the moment here, along with ones that seem to be faring better, presumably filled with teenage aphids by now.
At least it is a pretty gall, in that I like the color.
I have moss. I have sumac. I will be on the lookout for this aphid.
What do we know about the witch hazel gall?
Nothing … but now you have me reading, starting at NC State website and following links at the end and down another rabbit hole!
Wow, that’s so neat. And such a pretty looking gall- but that pretty color obviously attracts the nibblers to come and snack upon them!
I had noticed these on you last Garden walk, thinking “fruit on sumac!?” So thank you for the detail and explanation. Always a pleasure!
We have simular galls on Manzanita here in Northern CA. Just looked it up.
Never knew that they were nurseries! So much fun to read about.
Thnak you. Always something new to learn from you :}
I am having such fun learning more, more, more — so thanks for the encouragement, Shana.
Thank you for this. Only one of the wild sumac that grows along my driveway has these. I have puzzled for years on what they were. Great to know finally!
Thank you for your post. The galls on my Staghorn Sumac look exactly like the photograph – red and green. It’s only the second season for my sumac and I just noticed them yesterday.
It happens every year here — part of nature’s many little wonders! Fascinating.
THANK YOU for this wonderful article! I JUST discovered these galls on my smooth sumac, the first time I’ve ever seen them in my 70 yrs, and was struggling to find any info on them. :-) They’re green now, and look very figgy, but I look forward to following the progress, now that I know what they are. :-)
Is it a particular type of moss that these aphids live on?
I don’t know if it’s specific to a species of moss, no.
I just watched a chipmunk feeding on our sumac galls. My curiosity to learn more about the little guys obsession the last couple days has led me to your website. I have a great video to share with you. Caught in the act, if you will.