galls, leaf mines and other tracks and signs of insects (win a field guide!)
READERS REGULARLY EMAIL ME with photos of things they can’t explain, asking for ID’s of balloon-like structures on leaves and twigs; leaves chewed up in a particularly interesting pattern, or with squiggly white lines etched on them. I always go to one book to try to help: the award-winning “Tracks & Sign of Insects and Other Invertebrates: a Guide to North American Species,” whose lead author is Charley Eiseman. Learn about galls, leaf miners and more—and this indispensible field guide.
Charley Eiseman and Noah Charney’s 2010 book is full of photos of all the oddball things you see outside (if you stop long enough to notice!): egg cases and cocoons and all kinds of webs; folded and curled-up leaves as if something’s hidden inside (it is!); and all manner of bumps, lumps, notches, and holes in foliage, bark, you name it. Even tiny previously unexplained pattern in the sand…and soil…a.k.a. tracks and signs of insects.
“I’ve always been interested in everything around me,” says Charley, whose Master’s degree is from the University of Vermont’s field naturalist program. “Then someone gave me a digital camera right after I graduated from college, so I started paying closer attention to the little things. And then I started wishing I had a field guide to tell me what all these signs left by insects and other invertebrates were—but it just didn’t seem to exist.”
Charley and Noah took it upon themselves to create that guide, in “Tracks and Sign of Insects and Other Invertebrates: a Guide to North American Species” (Amazon affiliate link).
“I spent a winter going through every book on insects and spiders looking for anything relevant,” says Charley (who blogs here), “and I was both solving mysteries I’d wondered about for years, as I read the natural histories of all these creatures, and also coming up with additional things to look for.”
my q&a with charley eiseman about galls and leaf mines
Q. People send me photos of green balloons that look like a cherry tomato attached to a leaf, or brown bubbles on oaks, or leaves that look like they are blistering. I know these are examples of galls—but what’s a gall, really? Are they diseases?
A. Galls aren’t diseases. A gall is a deformity in a plant that’s caused by another organism—which could be a fungus or a bacterium or a mite, but many of the most conspicuous ones are insect-caused. There are wasps and flies [including midges] and aphids and a few other insects that cause these galls.
The insect has somehow re-programmed the plant—and in many cases it’s not really understood what is going on physiologically. In some cases it’s just a physical disturbance that’s causing the plant to change its growth, and in some cases it’s chemical, and in some cases I believe it’s actually genetic engineering by the insects.
So the plant is in some way redirected to make this growth that surrounds the developing egg and larva of the insect. And it provides all of the food and shelter that the insect needs as it develops, and then the adult insect emerges when it’s mature.
Q. Now of course everyone who send me these photos is really saying, “What do I do? How do I fix it?” Do we really need to fix it?
A. A gall is really a sophisticated relationship between the plant and the gall-maker, an agreement between the two of them where the insect is just going to damage what might be just one part of one leaf, and the rest of the leaf is free to photosynthesize and go about its business.
Gall-makers are about the least-damaging insect herbivores—they’re not munching the plant down to nothing.
Q. Can galls form on other plant parts, or just leaves?
A. There can be galls on fruits, roots, flowers, leaves—all parts of plants. All are very host-specific and very location-specific, so a particular insect will typically be on one genus if not one species of plant, and on one part of that plant.
Q. So let’s talk leaf mines. Every season my columbine foliage is covered with squiggly white lines, for instance. Is that a leaf mine?
A. A leaf miner is a larva of an insect that lives between the epidermal layers of a leaf. In most cases, they complete their life cycle within a single leaf. If they were removed from the leaf, they generally wouldn’t be able to survive and move to another leaf.
Like the gall-makers, they’re very host-specific.
In columbines, there are two common flies that make the mines: one that makes the linear squiggles you’re describing, and one that makes what’s called a blotch mine, this irregular, blobby shape.
Q. Though we’ve said that for the most part when we see a leaf mine or a gall we needn’t panic, are some destructive?
A. Yes, there are a couple of species that do damage in gardens and farms, such as spinach- and beet-leaf miners, that eat the leaves. A gardener would do well to remove them as soon as they are observed.
But if you don’t see the plant wilting away or the leaves crumpling away, probably nothing to worry about.
Q. I see galls on oak trees, for instance—are oaks particularly popular with these insects?
A. Yes–there are several hundred species of gall wasps that are all associated with oaks alone, and each one has a particular part of a particular oak species that it makes a particular form of gall on. And a lot of them if not all of them have a bi-modal life cycle, where they make one form of gall in the spring, and one in the fall. Ping-pong ball sized ones, other fluffy and white, or dense rosettes of leaves—all different forms of galls. And there are four orders of insects that mine leaves, and all four of them have species that mine oaks.
how to win the ‘tracks and sign of insects’ field guide
I’VE BOUGHT TWO EXTRA COPIES of “Tracks and Sign of Insects” to share with you. All you have to do to enter to win is answer the question in the comments below (NOTE: THE GIVEAWAY IS OVER):
Ever notice a gall or leaf mine in your garden? Tell us more.
Feeling shy, or haven’t seen any but are interested in the field guide anyhow? Just say, “Count me in” or some such reply in the comments box below, and your entry will be counted.
You can buy the books now (Amazon affiliate link) or visit Charley’s website, BugTracks, anytime.
Two winners will be chosen at random after entries close at midnight Monday, September 9, 2013. Good luck to all.
(Photo of round green gall in top collage, and of Charley Eiseman, from Charley’s BugTracks website.)
I would love to have a resource to identify the squiggles, balls etc that find my plants. Count me in.
count me in!
Insects are very interesting, I would love to learn more.
Haven’t noticed before but will be on the lookout now :)
Count me in! I love bugs!
Lots of galls on the goldenrod every year!
Hardy hibiscus seem to attract some sort of leaf miner. Count me in!
I’ve known that wasps, flies and mites are the chief catalysts for plants to create galls but other insects can cause them too. I noticed galls on the underside of leaves on a Staghorn Sumac, one plant only and long ago. I’ve been looking, sort of, off and on since then to find them again. This year I’ve discovered them in abundance. The galls are a pale creamy yellow with a blush of red, trying their best to imitate miniature peaches. They complete the look by being composed of roundish bulges. No two galls are exactly the same shape but all are clearly related.
The surprise is what’s inside. The gall is a hollow sphere and every inside surface is tightly packed with what appear to be aphids of various sizes. The empty middle is where the remnants of their exoskeletons are found, becoming a fine confetti of gray if a gall is opened and exposed to the outer world.
The leaves and their galls will be dropping soon, and I wonder how the next generation will get from the ground to the leaves again. Do they hibernate as eggs, nymphs or adults? Is there a winged generation to fly next year and begin the cycle again? How do they reproduce – by mating or parthenogenesis? In their closed world, how do they handle their eliminations? Do they produce honeydew like typical plant louse?
Love learning more ! Count me in.Thanks
Yes, columbine! Count me it!
Insects are fascinating.
Count me in too.
Nature is so interesting and fascinating! I want to know more. Count me in!
Sometimes I think I don’t have the effort to make dinner and then I look at my Columbine and look at all the effort the leaf miner took to ‘make’ their dinner out of my Columbine and then get into the kitchen and stop complaining.
I wonder a lot about that little, yet mighty creature and would like to know more. This book sounds like it would answer many questions in the garden!
I have always wondered what those white squiggly trails were…..every year I get a few on some of my plants. Some of the designs are actually quite lovely… : )
I have seen signs of gall from Massachusetts (Martha’s Vineyard, Boston, and Cambridge) to Vermont (Rochester). I am a long, long time organic gardner and I do not understand gall and have not done anything about any of it. I would love to learn about all of it.
I’ve noticed leafminer tracks on marigolds. I usually plant them as bug habitat so don’t mind. They do seem plant particular.
I have a witch hazel that every year has these pointy protrusions in the middle of leaves. Whatever it is, it seems harmless to the plant.
Please count me in for the Tracks and Signs of Insects … leafcutting bees will leave interesting patterns on your rose leaves. They use those pieces of leaves to line their nests, which may be tunnels in the ground or in hollow or pithy plant stems — we think of them as “baby bee blankets,” thanks to Stephen Buchmann who coined the term (The Forgotten Pollinators).
I like to find insects in my garden. That way I can show the kids around my house what they start out like. We actually scout for different bugs or insect damage. I would like a good reference. Thank you for your column.
Count me in!
I have an azalea that gets galls every year, very strange looking….
A few years ago, I moved into a property with a 20 year old pin oak. When it lost its leaves, we were shocked to see its twigs were covered with a type of prickly-looking oak gall, 1/2″ to 1″ wide. An arborist advised us the tree could live like that indefinitely. In spring, five years later, it failed to leaf out entirely, and was eventually removed. We will never know for certain what killed it, but I don’t think the extent of the gall infestation helped its overall health.
Thank you. Please count me in.
count me in !